Evidence-based education studiesEvidence-based education studiesДоказательная педагогика, психология3034-29963034-4220Togliatti State University912ArticlesСтатьиCOMPETENCE, EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PSYCHOLOGY, AND SOCIO-CYBERNETICSКОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЬ, ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ, ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ, ПСИХОЛОГИЯ, И СОЦИОКИБЕРНЕТИКАRavenJohnРавенДжон
United Kingdom

Ph.D. in psychology, Professor Emeritus

доктор философии в области психологии, почетный профессор

jraven@ednet.co.ukEdinburgh, ScotlandЭдинбург, Шотландияru30062014201421702041004202310042023Received:10042023Accepted:10042023Published:30062014Copyright ©; 2014, Raven J.Copyright ©; 2014, Равен Д.2014Raven J.Равен Д.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://vektornaukipedagogika.ru/jour/article/view/912

In this paper we consider issues related to the competence and professional development of people working with human resources in such areas as education, organizational management and public administration. An attempt to introduce certified technical competence is critically considered. Author emphasizes that we have to study social forces, primarily controlling human behavior, which should be the basis of sciences dedicated to understanding and prediction of human behavior.

: В этой работе рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с компетентностью и профессиональным развитием людей, работающих с человеческими ресурсами в таких областях, как образование, организационный менеджмент и государственное управление.

Критически рассматривается попытка введения сертифицируемой технической компетентности. Подчеркивается необходимость исследования социальных сил, первично контролирующих поведение человека, которое должно лежать в основе науки, посвященной пониманию и предсказанию поведения людей.

competenceincompetenceeducation systemassessment of competence levelprofessionalismsociocyberneticssocial forcesfeedback loopautopoietic systemкомпетентностьнекомпетентностьсистема образованияоценивание уровня компетентностипрофессионализмсоциокибернетикасоциальные силыпетли обратной связиаутопойэзисная системаAdams, E. A., Robbins, D., & Stephenson, J. (1981). Validity and Validation in Higher Education. Research Papers 1- 4 and Summary Report. London: North East London Polytechnic, School of Independent Studies.Adams, E., & Burgess, T. (1989). Teachers' Own Records. Windsor, England: NFER-Nelson.Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Anderson, A., Douglas, K., Holmes, B., Lawton, G., Walker, G., & Webb, J. (Eds.) (2001). Judgement day: There are only angels and devils. New Scientist, Global Environment Supplement, April 28.Andersson, B-E. (2001a). Blow up the school! Paper presented at the NFPF conference in Stockholm, 15-17 March.Andersson, B-E. (2001b). School is good for many, but bad for too many. Voices from Students about their school situation. Mimeographed paper. Stockholm: Institute of Education, Department of Child and Youth Studies.Andersson, B-E., & Strander, K. (1999). Perceptions of School and Future Adjustment to Life. A Longitudinal Study Between the Ages of 18 and 25. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Institute of Education, Box 47 308, S-100 74.APA Task force on Statistical Inference. (1999). See: L. Wilkinson and Task Force on Statistical Inference. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54,594-604.Association of Graduate Careers Advisory Services. (1992). What Do Graduates Do? Cambridge: Hobson’s Publishing.Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, J. (1978). Adolescence to Adulthood: Change and Stability in the Lives of Young Men. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.Becher, T. (2001). The incapable professional. In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Berg, I. (1973). Education and Jobs: The Great Training Robbery. London: Penguin Books.Bill, J. M., Trew, C. J., & Wilson, J. A. (1974). Early Leaving in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Northern Ireland Council for Educational Research.Bloom, B. S. (Ed.). (1985). Developing Talent in Young People. New York: Ballantine Books.Bookchin, M. (2005). The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy. Oakland, CA: AK Press.Burns, A., Homel, R., & Goodnow, J. (1984). Conditions of life and parental values. Australian Journal of Psychology, 36, 219-237.Buckingham, M., & Clifton, D. O. (2005). Now, Discover Your Strengths: How to Develop Your Talents and Those of the People You Manage. Winchester, UK: Pocket Books.Bussis, A. M. (1982). Burn it at the casket: Research, reading instruction, and children's learning of the first R. Phi Delta Kappan, December, 237-241.Chan, J. (1981). Correlates of parent-child interaction and certain psychological variables among adolescents in Hong Kong. In J. L. M. Binnie-Dawson (Ed.), Perspectives in Asian Cross-Cultural Psychology. Lisle, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J., Hood, A. M., Weinfeld, L. D., & York, R. L. (1966). Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personal Social Psychology, 56, 815-822.Cunningham, L. (2001). Beyond competence through parallel organisation activity: Applying the Principles of Rosabeth Moss Kanter's concept of parallel organisations to learning organisations and the learning society (Chapter 2). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Day, P., & Klein, R. (1987). Accountabilities: Five Public Services. London: Tavistock Publications.De Landsheere, V. (1977). On defining educational objectives. Evaluation in Education, 1(2), 73-190. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Deming, W. E. (1980). Improvement of quality and productivity through action by management. National Productivity Review, 1, Winter, 12-22.Department of Education and Science (1989). National Curriculum: From Policy to Practice. London: HMSO.Dewey, J. (1899). The School and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Dockrell, W. B. (2001). The problems posed for the assessment of competence by the espoused goals of higher education. In J. Raven, & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang. Donaldson, M. (1978). Children's Minds. London: Fontana/Collins.Donnison, D. (1972). Research for policy. Minerva, X, 519-37.Eraut, M. (1994). Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence. London, England: The Falmer Press.Erdal, D. (2008). Local Heroes - How Loch Fyne Oysters Embraced Employee Ownership and Business Success, London: VikingFeuerstein, R. (1980). Instrumental Enrichment. Baltimore: University Park Press.Fischer, G. H., & Seliger, E. (1997). Multidimensional linear logistic models for change. In: W. J. van der Linden & R.K. Hambleton, Handbook of modern item response theory (pp. 323–346). New York: Springer.Flanagan, J. C. (1978). Perspectives on Improving Education from a Study of 10,000 30-Year-Olds. New York: Praeger Publishers.Flanagan, J. C., & Burns, R. K. (1955). The employee performance record. Harvard Business Review, 33, 95-102.Flanagan, J. C., & Russ-Eft, D. (1975). An Empirical Study to Aid in Formulating Educational Goals. Palo Alto, CA: American Institutes for Research.Flynn, J. R. (1991). Asian Americans: Achievement Beyond IQ. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Flynn, J. R. (2000). How to Defend Humane Ideals. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.Flynn, J. (2008). Asian Americans: Achievement well beyond IQ. In J. Raven & J. Raven (Eds.) Uses and Abuses of Intelligence: Studies Advancing Spearman and Raven’s Quest for Non-Arbitrary Metrics. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press; Edinburgh, Scotland: Competency Motivation Project; Budapest, Hungary: EDGE 2000; Cluj Napoca, Romania: Romanian Psychological Testing Services SRL. (Chapter 18, pp. 415-430).Forrester, J. W. (1971). World Dynamics. Waltham MA: Pegasus Communications. (Second edition, 1973, has an added chapter on physical vs. social limits.)Forrester, J. W. (1971/1995). Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems. Original text appeared in the January, 1971, issue of the Technology Review published by the Alumni Association of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All figures are taken from World Dynamics by Jay W. Forrester, Pegasus Communications, Waltham MA.http://sysdyn.clexchange.org/sdep/Roadmaps/RM1/D-4468-2.pdfFraley, A. (1981). Schooling and Innovation: The Rhetoric and the Reality. New York: Tyler Gibson.Francis, H. (1982). Language teaching research and its effect on teachers in early education. In A. Davies (Ed.), Language and Learning in Home and School. London: SCRC/Heinemann.Galton, M., & Simon, B. (1980). Progress and Performance in the Primary Classroom. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Galton, M., Simon, B., & Croll, P. (1980). Inside the Primary Classroom. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Gardner, H. (1987). Developing the spectrum of human intelligence. Harvard Education Review, 57, 187-193.Gardner, H., & Hatch, T. C. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school. Educational Researcher, 18(8), 4-10.Goodlad, J. (1983). A Place Called School. New York: McGraw Hill.Gottfredson, L. S. (Ed.) (1997). Intelligence and social policy. Intelligence, Whole Special Issue, 24, 1-320.Gow, L., & McPherson, A. (Eds.). (1980). Tell Them From Me: Scottish School Leavers Write About School and Life Afterwards. Aberdeen: University Press.Graham, M. A., Raven, J., & Smith, P. C. (1987). Identification of high-level competence: Cross-cultural analysis between British, American, Asian and Polynesian labourers. Unpublished manuscript: BYU Hawaii Campus, Dept. Organizational Behavior.Grannis, J. C. (1983). Ecological observation of experimental education settings. Environment and Behavior, 15, 21-52.Gray, J. et al. (1983). Reconstructions of Secondary Education: Theory, Myth and Practice Since the War. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Hamilton, D., Jenkins, D., King, C., MacDonald, B., & Parlett, M. (Eds.). (1977). Beyond the Numbers Game. London: MacMillan Education.Hattie, J. A. C. (2009). Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. London, England: Routledge; Taylor & Francis.Hayek, F. A. (1948). Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Hess, R. D., & Shipman, V. C. (1965). Early experience and the socialisation of cognitive modes in children. Child Development, 36, 869-886.Hewison, J., & Tizard, J. (1980). Parental involvement and reading attainment. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 50, 209-215.HMI (Scotland). (1980). Learning and Teaching in Primary 4 and Primary 7. Edinburgh: HMSO.HMI. (1978). Primary Education in England: A Survey by H.M. Inspectors of Schools. London: Department of Education and Science, HMSO.Hogan, R. (1990). Unmasking incompetent managers. Insight, May 21, 42-44.Hope, K. (1984). As Others See Us: Schooling and Social Mobility in Scotland and the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.House, E. R. (1991). Realism in research. Educational Researcher, 20, 2-9.Huff, S., Lake, D., & Schaalman, M. L. (1982). Principal Differences: Excellence in School Leadership and Management. Boston: McBer and Co.Hughes, S. J. (1998). Developmental Effects of Participation in a Large Group Awareness Training. PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota.Ilott , I. (2001). Incompetence: An unspoken consensus (Chapter 5). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Ilott, I., & Murphy, R. (1999). Success and Failure in Professional Education: Assessing the Evidence. London: Whurr Publishers.Inkeles, A., & Smith, D .H. (1974). Becoming Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Jackson, P. W. (1968). Life in Classrooms. New York: Holt Rhinehart and Winston.Jackson, P. W. (1986). The Practice of Teaching. New York: Teachers College Press.Jacob, P. E. (1956). Changing Values in College. New York: Harper Bros.Jencks, C., Smith, M., Acland, H., Bane, M. J., Cohen, D., Gintis, H., Heyns, B., & Michelson, S. (1973). Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America. New York: Basic Books; London, England: Penguin Books.Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability. Westport, CN: Praeger.Johnson, H. T., & Broms, A. (2000). Profit Beyond Measure. New York, NY. Free Press.Johnston, L. D. (1973). The American High School: Its Social System and Effects. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.Johnston, L. D. (1973). The American High School: Its Social System and Effects. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.Johnston, L. D., & Bachman, J. G. (1976). Educational institutions (290–315). In J. F. Adams (Ed.), Understanding Adolescence (IIIrd Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation (1981). Standards for Evaluations of Educational Programs, Projects and Materials. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.Kanter, R. M. (1985). The Change Masters: Corporate Entrepreneurs at Work. Hemel Hempstead: Unwin Paperbacks.Kazdin, A. E. (2006). Arbitrary metrics: Implications for identifying evidence-based treatments. American Psychologist, 61, 42-49.Kilpatrick, W. H. (1918). The project method. Teachers College Record, 19, 319-35.Kilpatrick, W. H. (1926/1972). Foundations of Method. New York: MacMillan; (1972: Arno).Klemp, G. O., Huff, S. M., & Gentile, J. D. G. (1980). The Guardians of Campus Change: A Study of Leadership in Non Traditional College Programs. Boston: McBer and Co.Klemp, G. O., Munger, M. T., & Spencer, L. M. (1977). An Analysis of Leadership and Management Competencies of Commissioned and Non-Commissioned Naval Officers in the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets. Boston: McBer.McKnight, J. (1995). The Careless Society: Community and Its Counterfeits. New York: Basic Books (Perseus Group)Kohn, M. L. (1969/77). Class and Conformity: A Study in Values (Second Edition). Chicago IL: Chicago University Press. (1st edition: Dorsey Press.)Kohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1982). Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American Journal of Sociology, 87, 1257-86.Kohn, M. L., Slomczynski, K. M., & Schoenbach, C. (1986). Social stratification and the transmission of values in the family: A cross-national assessment. Sociological Forum, 1.Krechevsky, M., & Gardner, H. (1990). Multiple Intelligences, multiple chances. In D. Inbar (Ed.), Second Chance in Education: An Interdisciplinary and International Perspective (pp. 69-88). London: Falmer Press.Lane, R. E. (1991). The Market Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press.Lees, S. (1996). Strategic Human Resource Management in Transition Economies. Proceedings of Conference: Human Resource Management: Strategy and Practice. Alma Atat Management School, Alma Atat, Khazaksthan.Lester, S. (2001). Assessing the self-managing learner: A contradiction in terms (Chapter 26)? In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.MacBeath, J., Mearns, D., Thomson, B., & How, S. (1981). Social Education: The Scottish Approach. Glasgow: Jordanhill College of Education.MacKinnon, D. W. (1962). The nature and nurture of creative talent. American Psychologist, 17, 484-494.McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. New York: Van Nostrand.McClelland, D. C. (1982). Education for Values. New York: Irvington.McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1958). A scoring manual for the achievement motive; R. W. Heynes, J. Veroff, & J. W. Atkinson, A scoring manual for the affiliation motive; J. Veroff, A scoring manual for the power motive. Respectively, Chapters 12, 13 and 14 in J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society. New York: Van Nostrand.McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V. (1982). The relationship between parents' beliefs about development and family constellation, socio-economic status and parents' teaching strategies. In L. M. Laosa and I. E. Sigel (Eds.), Families as Learning Environments for Children (261-299). New York: Plenum.Marks, N., Simms, A., Thompson, S., & Abdallah, S. (2006). The (Un)happy Planet Index: An Index of Human Wellbeing and Environmental Impact. London: New Economics Foundation. Downloadable from www.neweconomics.org and www.happyplanetindex.orgMeadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., & Behrens, W. W. (1972). The Limits to growth: A report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind. London: Macmillan.Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., & Randers, J. (2008). ww.Vensim\models\sample\WRLD3-Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., & Randers, J. (2008). ww.VensimmodelssampleWRLD3-O03\World3_03_Scenarios.wmfViewO03World3_03_Scenarios.wmfViewMeadows, D. H., Meadows, D., & Randers, J. (2004). The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. London: Earthscan Ltd.Mentkowski, M. & Associates (2000). Learning that Lasts. Integrating Learning, Development, and Performance in College and Beyond. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass.Messick, S. (1989). Meaning and values in test validation: The science and ethics of assessment. Educational Researcher, 18(2), 5-11.Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741-749.Mill, J. S. (1859/1962). Representative Government. London: Dent.Miller, K. A., Kohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1985). Educational self-direction and the cognitive functioning of students.Social Forces, 63, 923-944.Morgan, G. (1986). Images of Organization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Morgan, G. (Ed.). (1983). Beyond Method. London: Sage.Morton-Williams, R., Finch, S., Poll, C., Raven, J., Ritchie, J., & Hobbs, E. (1968). Schools Council Enquiry One: Young School Leavers. London: HMSO.Munn Report (1977). The Structure of the Curriculum. Edinburgh: HMSO.Murphy, J. (1993). A degree of waste. Oxford Review of Education. 19, 9-31.National Curriculum Council (1990a). Curriculum Guidance, 3: The Whole Curriculum. York: NCC.National Curriculum Council (1990b). Curriculum Guidance, 4: Education for Economic and Industrial Understanding. York: NCC.O'Reilly, D. (2001). Competence and incompetence in an institutional context (Chapter 22). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Oskamp, S. (2000). A sustainable future for humanity? American Psychologist, 55(5), 496-508.Parker, F. W. (1894/1969). Talks on Pedagogics. New York: Arno Press.Parlett, M. (1972). Evaluating innovations in teaching. In H. J. Butcher & E. Rudd (Eds.), Contemporary Problems in Research in Higher Education. New York: McGraw Hill.Parlett, M. (19). Assessment in its context. Bulletin of Educational Research: Evaluation and Assessment, 11, Summer.Passow, A. H., Noah, H. J., Eckstein, M. A., & Mallea, J. R. (1976). An Empirical Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How College Effects Students. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Plowden Report. (1966). Central Advisory Council on Education. Children and Their Primary Schools, Volumes 1 & 2. London: HMSO.Price, P. B., Taylor, C. W., Nelson, D. E., et al. (1971). Measurement and Predictors of Physician Performance: Two Decades of Intermittently Sustained Research. Salt Lake City: University of Utah, Department of Psychology.Prieler, J. & Raven, J. (2008). Problems in the measurement of change (with particular reference to individual change [gain] scores) and their potential solution using IRT. In J. Raven & J. Raven (Eds.) Uses and Abuses of Intelligence: Studies Advancing Spearman and Raven’s Quest for Non-Arbitrary Metrics. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press; Edinburgh, Scotland: Competency Motivation Project; Budapest, Hungary: EDGE 2000; Cluj Napoca, Romania: Romanian Psychological Testing Services SRL. (Chapter 7, pp. 173-210).Raven, J. (1977). Education, Values and Society: The Objectives of Education and the Nature and Development of Competence. London, U.K.: H.K.Lewis, New York: The Psychological Corporation. (Copies still available from Competency Motivation Project, Edinburgh, Scotland).Raven, J. (1980). Parents, Teachers and Children: An Evaluation of an Educational Home Visiting Programme. Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in Education.Raven, J. (1981). Early intervention: A selective review of the literature. Collected Original Resources in Education, 5, F1C6.Raven, J. (1984). Some limitations of the standards. Evaluation and Program Planning, 7, 363-370.Raven, J. (1984/1997). Competence in Modern Society: Its Identification, Development and Release. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press. www.rfwp.com (First published in 1984 in London, England, by H. K. Lewis.)Raven, J. (1987a). Learning to teach in primary schools: Some reflections. Collected Original Resources in Education, 11, F3, D07.Raven, J. (1987b). Tell them about teacher training. Collected Original Resources in Education, 11, F3, F13.Raven, J. (1989). Parents, education and schooling. In C. Desforges (Ed.), British Journal of Educational Psychology, Monograph Series No.4, Special Issue on Early Childhood Education (47-67).Raven, J. (1991). The Tragic Illusion: Educational Testing. New York: Trillium Press; Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Psychologists Press.Raven, J. (1994). Managing Education for Effective Schooling: The Most Important Problem Is to Come to Terms with Values. Unionville, New York: Trillium Press; Edinburgh, Scotland: Competency Motivation Project.Raven, J. (1995). The New Wealth of Nations: A New Enquiry into the Nature and Origins of the Wealth of Nations and the Societal Learning Arrangements Needed for a Sustainable Society. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press; Sudbury, Suffolk: Bloomfield Books.Raven, J. (2000). Rethinking democracy. The Good Society 9(3), 31-37.Raven, J. (2001a). Commentary: The pernicious effects of incompetence on society, education, and assessment (Chapter 6). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Raven, J. (2001b). Facilitating the development of competence (Chapter 18). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Raven, J. (2001c). Issues raised by the studies of competence (Chapter 12). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Raven, J. (2001d). Learning societies, learning organisations, and learning: Their implications for competence, its development, and its assessment (Chapter 1). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Raven, J. (2001e). Some barriers to the introduction of competency-oriented education (Chapter 23). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Raven, J. (2001f). The conceptualisation of competence (Chapter 17). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Raven, J. (2001g). The assessment of competence (Chapter 28). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Raven, J. (2008). Intelligence, engineered invisibility, and the destruction of life on earth. In J. Raven & J. Raven (Eds.) Uses and Abuses of Intelligence: Studies Advancing Spearman and Raven’s Quest for Non-Arbitrary Metrics. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press; Edinburgh, Scotland: Competency Motivation Project; Budapest, Hungary: EDGE 2000; Cluj Napoca, Romania: Romanian Psychological Testing Services SRL. (Chapter 19, pp. 431-471). Earlier version available at: WebPsychEmpiricist. http://www.wpe.info/papers_table.htmlRaven, J. (2009a). The emergence of hierarchy, domination and centralisation: Reflections on the work of Murray Bookchin. Journal for Perspectives of Economic, Political, and Social Integration, 14(1-2), 11-75. Also available at: http://www.eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/Bookchin.pdfRaven, J. (2009b) Crisis? What Crisis? http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/cwc.pdfRaven, J. (2010a). Advancing and Defeating the PEGS Agenda: Socio-Cybernetics and Murray Bookchin. The Good Society, 19, No. 2. 79-88. Earlier & fuller version available at http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/GS09.pdfRaven, J., & Dolphin, T. (1978). The Consequences of Behaving: The Ability of Irish Organisations to Tap Know-How, Initiative, Leadership and Goodwill. Edinburgh: Competency Motivation Project.Raven, J., & Gallon, L. (2010). Conceptualising, Mapping, and Measuring Social Forces. Journal of Sociocybernetics. 8, 73-110. http://www.unizar.es/sociocybernetics/Journal/journal_1_2_2010_l.pdfEarlier version also available at http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/scio.pdfRaven, J., & Litton, F. (1982). Aspects of civics education in Ireland. Collected Original Resources in Education, 6(2), F4E7.Raven, J., & Navrotsky, V. (2001). The Development and Use of Maps of Socio-Cybernetic Systems to Improve Educational and Social Policy. Journal of Mental Changes, 7, 19-60. Many important Figures were omitted from this version, so it is better to use http://www.eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/RVNAVSC%20landscape.pdf and the linked figures.Raven, J., & Navrotsky, V. (2001). The Development and Use of Maps of Socio-Cybernetic Systems to Improve Educational and Social Policy. Journal of Mental Changes, 7, 19-60. Many important Figures were omitted from this version, so it is better to use http://www.eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/RVNAVSC%20landscape.pdf and the linked figures.Raven, J., & Whelan, C. T. (1976). Irish adults' perceptions of their civic institutions. In J. Raven, C. T. Whelan, P. A. Pfretzschner, & D. M. Borock, Political Culture in Ireland. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration.Raven, J., Hannon, B., Handy, R., Benson, C., & Henry, E. A. (1975a). A Survey of Attitudes of Post Primary Teachers and Pupils, Volume 1: Teachers' Perceptions of Educational Objectives and Examinations. Dublin: Irish Association for Curriculum Development.Raven, J., Hannon, B., Handy, R., Benson, C., & Henry, E. A. (1975b). A Survey of Attitudes of Post Primary Teachers and Pupils, Volume 2: Pupils' Perceptions of Educational Objectives and their Reactions to School and School Subjects. Dublin: Irish Association for Curriculum Development.Raven, J., Johnstone, J., & Varley, T. (1985). Opening the Primary Classroom. Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in Education.Ree, M. J., Earles, J. A., & Teachout, M. S. (1994). Predicting job performance: Not much more than g. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 518-524.Ridley, M. (2010). The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves. London: Fourth Estate.Robinson, D. W. (1983). Patriotism and Economic Control: The Censure of Harold Rugg. D.Ed. Dissertation, Rutgers University, New Jersey. Also available in University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1984).Roizen, J., & Jepson, M. (1985). Degrees for Jobs. Guildford: SHRE and NFER-Nelson.Rugg, H. (1926). National Society for the Study of Education: 26 th Yearbook. Bloomington, IL: Public School Publishing Co.Rugg, H. O., & Krueger, L. (1925-1940). Man and his Changing Society: The Rugg Social Science Series (nine Volumes). Boston: Ginn & Co.Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262-274.Schneider, C., Klemp, G. O., & Kastendiek, S. (1981). The Balancing Act: Competencies of Effective Teachers and Mentors in Degree Programs for Adults. Boston: McBer and Co.Schön, D. (1971/73). Beyond the Stable State. London: Penguin.Schön, D. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner. New York: Basic Books.Schön, D. (1987). Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Schön, D. (2001). The crisis of professional knowledge and the pursuit of an epistemology of practice (Chapter 13). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Seddon, J. (2008). Systems Thinking in the Public Sector: The Failure of the Reform Regime … and a Manifesto for a Better Way. Axminster, UK: Triarchy Press.Semler, R. (2001). Maverick!: The Success Story Behind the World's Most Unusual Workplace. London: Random House.Shiva, V. (1998). Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. London: Green Books.Sigel, I. E. (1986). Early social experience and the development of representational competence. In W. Fowler (Ed.), Early Experience and the Development of Competence. New Directions for Child Development, No.32. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Sigel, I. E. (1986). Reflections on the belief-behavior connection: Lessons learned from a research program on parental belief systems and teaching strategies. In R. D. Ashmore and D. M. Brodzinsky (Eds.), Thinking about the Family: Views of Parents and Children. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Sigel, I. E. (Ed.). (1985). Parent Belief Systems: The Psychological Consequences for Children. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.Sigel, I. E., & McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V. (1984). Parents as teachers of their children: A distancing behavior model. In A. D. Pellegrini and T. D. Yawkey (Eds.), The Development of Oral and Written Language in Social Contexts. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Smith, A. (1776/1981). The Wealth of Nations. Penguin Books: Harmondsworth, Mddx.Sneddon Report (1978). Learning to Teach. Edinburgh: HMSO, Scottish Education Department.Spearman, C. (1926). Some Issues in the Theory of g (Including the Law of Diminishing Returns). Address to the British Association Section J – Psychology, Southampton, England, 1925. London: Psychological Laboratory, University College: Collected Papers.Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at Work. New York: Wiley.Stallings, J., & Kaskowitz, D. (1974). Follow Through Classroom Observation Evaluation 1972–1973. Menlo Park, CA: Stanford Research Institute. Report URU-7370.Steiner, D. (1999). Searching for educational coherence in a democratic state. In S. L. Elkin & K. E. Soltan (Eds.), Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Stephenson, J. (2001). Inputs and outcomes: The experience of independent study at NELP (Chapter 21). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.Stern, P. C. (2000). Psychology and the science of human-environment interactions. American Psychologist, 55(5), 523-530.Taylor, C. W., & Barron, F. (Eds.). (1963). Scientific Creativity: Its Recognition and Development. New York: Wiley.Tizard, B. (1974). Staff and parents talk to young children. In B. Tizard (Ed.), Early Childhood Education. London: NFER.Tizard, J., Schofield, W. N., & Hewison, J. (1982). Collaboration between teachers and parents in assisting children's reading.British Journal of Educational Psychology, 52, 1-15.Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (1984). Young Children Learning: Talking and Thinking at Home and School. London: Fontana.Tough, J. (1973). Focus on Meaning: Talking with Some Purpose to Young Children. London: Allen and Unwin.Tough, J. (1976). Listening to Children Talking. London: Ward Lock.Tough, J. (1977). Talking and Learning. London: Ward Lock.Tribe, D. (2001). Professional capability - Requirements and accreditation in the legal profession (Chapter 11). In J. Raven & J. Stephenson (Eds.), Competence in the Learning Society. New York: Peter Lang.United States Department of Education. (1981). The Condition of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics.US Government Printing Office. (2001). No Child Left Behind. Public Law, 107 – 110.Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. In M. Cole, et al. (Eds.), ... Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Vygotsky, L. S. (1981). The genesis of higher mental function. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), The Concept of Activity in Society Psychology. Annank, NH: Sharpe.Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. E. (1996). Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.Walker, D. A. (1976). The IEA Six Subject Survey: An Empirical Study of Education in Twenty One Countries. New York: John Wiley.Weaver, T. (1994). Knowledge alone gets you nowhere. Capability, 1, 1–6.Winter, D. G., McClelland, D. C., & Stewart, A. J. (1981). A New Case for the Liberal Arts. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.